Mycoplasma hominis: structure, symptoms, treatment

Urogenital mycoplasmosis is a very common pathology that is related to sexually transmitted diseases and can be caused by different types of mycoplasma. The most harmless type is considered to be Mycoplasma hominis - a conditionally pathogenic bacterium that lives in the body of even absolutely healthy people. Over the past few decades, scientists have learned a lot about this pathogen - in particular, they managed to more thoroughly study the epidemiology, clinical picture and laboratory diagnostics of damage to the genitourinary system.

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Structure mycoplasma hominis

Mycoplasmas are a bacterial group, the representatives of which are small in size (from 125 to 250 microns). Such bacteria are characterized by pronounced polymorphism and the ability to reproduce in the extracellular environment. These microorganisms use sterols (cholesterol) for their own growth, they are resistant to sulfanilamide drugs, benzylpenicillin, but are sensitive to erythromycin and tetracycline.

When sown on a special nutrient medium, mycoplasma forms colonies with a darkened center and a light border (the so-called "fried egg appearance"). The bacteria do not revert to the original microbial form, which distinguishes them from L-form microorganisms.

Mycoplasma is an intermediate stage between viruses, microbes and protozoa. They are able to survive and be stored for years in a lipophilic dry state at a certain temperature regime.

In the urogenital system, Mycoplasma hominis is most often encountered. The bacterium germinates on a medium such as tryptic digest of bovine heart, to which 20% horse serum and 10% yeast extract (pH 7.4) are added. On a dense nutrient medium, the usual papillary form of the bacterium is formed.

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Life cycle mycoplasma hominis

Mycoplasma hominis infection often occurs during labor: the infant acquires the infection from the carrier mother. In adulthood, infection occurs after sexual contact with a carrier partner.

In general, we can identify a number of main causes of infection:

• Any type of unprotected sexual contact, including oral, anal, vaginal sex. For this reason, both partners should be treated to avoid re-infection.
• Weakness of the immune system caused by an unhealthy lifestyle, poor nutrition, the presence of other infections in the body, hypothermia.
• Infection from a sick mother to her child during childbirth.

The natural environment for Mycoplasma hominis is the epithelial layer lining the internal organs of the human body. These microorganisms are almost never found in soil, water or other natural environments. Since the bacteria have a small food supply, they obtain the necessary substances by parasitizing on epithelial cells, which, in turn, die or transform. Treatment of mycoplasmosis is not always successful, but it is not always advisable: relapses can occur because the body does not recognize the presence of opportunistic microbes as foreign microorganisms - after all, they can normally be present on the mucous membranes without causing the development of the disease. Under favorable conditions, infectious colonies progress relatively quickly, due to the good restorative properties of pathogens.

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Pathogenesis

The following factors contribute to the increased reproduction of Mycoplasma hominis:

• frequent douching;
• douching with chlorine-containing antiseptic preparations (for example, Gibitan, Miramistin);
• use of contraceptive drugs that contain 9-nonoxynol (such drugs include vaginal suppositories Patentex Oval, Nonoxynol);
• use of barrier protection with spermicidal treatment (9-nonoxynol);
• promiscuous sex life, frequent change of partners;
• treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics;
• treatment with vaginal tablets and suppositories with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity (Terzhinan, Betadine, Polygynax);
• a sharp weakening of the immune system, hypothermia.

How is Mycoplasma hominis transmitted?

Previously, it was believed that Mycoplasma hominis could be transmitted indirectly, for example, through various household items (bed, towels, children's potty), as well as through insufficiently disinfected medical instruments (vaginal tips, rubber gloves, gynecological speculums).

However, today the probability of household infection is defined as "extremely unlikely" (almost impossible). It is believed that Mycoplasma hominis can enter the body only in two ways: during childbirth from the mother and sexually.

If the disease manifested itself spontaneously, this may indicate that the Mycoplasma hominis bacterium was already present in the body, which became active under favorable circumstances. That is, the person had already been a carrier for some time.

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Epidemiology

Mycoplasmas are tiny microorganisms that live on the surface of plants and inside mammals. The human body can become a "haven" for 16 varieties of mycoplasmas. Among them, six varieties are localized on the mucous membrane of the genitourinary system, and the other ten - in the oral cavity and oropharynx.

The first six varieties include:

• ureaplasma urealiticum;
• mycoplasma primatum, spermatophyllum, penetrans;
• Mycoplasma hominis and genitalium.

The listed bacteria belong to the type of opportunistic microorganisms. This means that their presence can cause the development of a disease, but they can also “peacefully” live in an absolutely healthy person.

Infection often occurs during childbirth – from mother to child (more often to girls than to boys).

In adults, infection occurs during sexual intercourse; household transmission of the infection is unlikely.

Mycoplasma hominis is found on the surface of the genitals of 25% of newborn female infants. The percentage of boys affected is significantly lower. Moreover, mainly in boys, self-healing can subsequently be observed: the bacteria die on their own. This also happens in girls, but much less often.

According to statistics, Mycoplasma hominis is found in only 10-17% of cases among high school-aged girls (meaning only virgins). With the onset of sexual activity, the level of spread of the bacteria increases, which is explained by the sexual transmission of the infection.

In general, Mycoplasma hominis is present in the body of 20-50% of females. Men become carriers much less often, and self-healing is often recorded in them.

Mycoplasma genitalium is much less widespread than Mycoplasma hominis.

The most common diseases caused by this bacterium are:

• male urethritis;
• female bacterial vaginosis (gardnerellosis);
• inflammation of the internal genital organs in women;
• pyelonephritis.

To date, there is no clear evidence that Mycoplasma hominis can cause prostatitis in men.

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Symptoms

In most cases, Mycoplasma hominis carriage does not show any symptoms. In the vast majority of people, the presence of the bacteria goes unnoticed. This is why diagnosis of the disease becomes possible only when the colonies of microorganisms become too numerous.

Under certain conditions – for example, with a sharp weakening of the immune defense, after severe stress or hypothermia, Mycoplasma hominis is activated, and the first characteristic symptoms of the disease appear.

In women, the pathology manifests itself through damage to the urethra, vestibular glands, ovaries, uterus, tubes, and vagina. Symptoms may include:

• the appearance of different volumes of discharge, a sensation of itching and burning;
• discomfort during urination and sexual intercourse.

Men usually complain of a small amount of urethral discharge (usually in the morning, after waking up), nagging pain in the groin, and a lack of comfort when urinating. If the microorganism affects the epididymis, an increase in their size is observed, and a sluggish pain appears in the scrotum.

In advanced stages, cloudy urine is noticeable, pus appears in the urine, and there is a frequent urge to urinate (especially at night).

Incubation period

Mycoplasma hominis infection, like any infectious pathology, has its own incubation period, the duration of which has not yet been clearly defined. According to various sources, this period can last from 3 days to five weeks. The average incubation period is 15-19 days.

Infection with Mycoplasma hominis does not always lead to the development of the disease. This is indicated by the frequent detection of microorganisms in healthy patients, as well as the detection of antibodies in people who have not suffered from mycoplasmosis.

Latent, asymptomatic mycoplasma infectious pathology often becomes active with the onset of pregnancy or labor, after hypothermia, severe stress.

First signs

Experts point out the following main signs of Mycoplasma hominis infection, typical for women and men:

• a feeling of irritation on the outer surface of the genitals;
• the appearance of clear or purulent discharge from the vagina or urethra;
• discomfort during and after urination;
• discomfort during and after sexual intercourse;
• pain in the lower abdomen (the pain may radiate to the lumbar region);
• in men, pain in the scrotum;
• inflammatory processes in the genitourinary organs;
• frequent urge to urinate, urinary disorders;
• signs of general intoxication (feeling of weakness, headache, loss of appetite, thirst).

Mycoplasma hominis can also cause other symptoms: this depends on the stage of the pathology, the stage of development of the bacteria, the total duration of the disease, and the general condition of the body.

Mycoplasma hominis in women

If a woman becomes a carrier of Mycoplasma hominis, she often does not know about it. In approximately 10-20% of cases, the course of carriage is latent, without any symptoms - until some circumstance leads to the activation of the infection. Sometimes a woman may have this bacterium throughout her life, and not show any symptoms.

• If Mycoplasma hominis affects the external genitalia, then the infection accumulates on the mucous tissues of the vagina and urethra. In most cases, there are no complaints; rarely, almost transparent discharge and mild itching appear.
• If the infection affects the internal reproductive organs, the woman may complain of pain in the lower abdomen, discomfort when urinating, and multiple purulent vaginal discharge.

Mycoplasma hominis infection in women may be accompanied by the development of bacterial vaginosis, urethritis, endometritis, salpingo-oophoritis, pyelonephritis. Mycoplasmosis in women is often detected simultaneously with ureaplasma and chlamydia. In approximately 10-50% of cases, the presence of the microorganism does not cause the development of the disease.

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Mycoplasma hominis in pregnant women

To date, there is no clear answer to the question of the impact of Mycoplasma hominis on the course of pregnancy. Some experts are inclined to consider this microorganism an exclusively pathogenic bacterium that can significantly complicate the process of bearing a child: complications include spontaneous miscarriage, premature labor, low birth weight, fetal fading, postpartum problems, etc.

However, most scientists believe that mycoplasma can only cause infectious complications under certain conditions, and therefore does not pose any danger to women.

Infection of a child with bacteria most often occurs during childbirth. In such a situation, the organs of vision, upper respiratory tract, and genitals become entry points for infection. There have been cases when the presence of a microbe led to the development of conjunctivitis, congenital pneumonia, respiratory distress syndrome, chronic pulmonary pathologies, encephalitis, and sepsis in a child – but, as a rule, this applies to other types of mycoplasma infection.

Premature babies are at greater risk. If a full-term baby is infected, the bacteria are gradually eliminated, so no symptoms are observed. It is worth noting that when diagnosing infectious carriage in newborns, in the vast majority of cases, the opportunistic microbe is detected against the background of the presence of other infectious agents. Monopathology, like monocarriage, is almost never encountered.

Mycoplasma hominis in men

In the male population, Mycoplasma hominis is more often a carrier, but the development of the disease can occur at any convenient moment.

The symptoms of the infection – mycoplasmosis – cannot be called specific. Men may present the following complaints:

• burning sensation at the exit of the urethra;
• almost transparent discharge from the urethral opening (mainly after a night's rest);
• sharp pain when urinating;
• slight swelling and redness of the urethral outlet, its adhesion;
• dull pain in the groin area, in the testicle area.

The listed symptoms may disappear and reappear, depending on the presence of an immune response. In addition, the microbe may affect individual organs, with the development of the following inflammatory processes:

• urethritis;
• vesiculitis;
• orchyoepididymitis;
• colliculitis;
• balanoposthitis.

Depending on the disease that is caused by Mycoplasma hominis, certain symptoms will be observed. However, self-healing cases are common in men.

Mycoplasma hominis in children

Among infectious childhood pathologies, chlamydia and mycoplasma are most frequently diagnosed. In many cases, latent carriage occurs.

More severe lesions are observed with intrauterine infection of the infant: however, such diseases are caused mainly by Mycoplasma pneumonia.

Mycoplasma hominis, found in children within normal limits, usually does not cause any painful manifestations and does not require treatment. In boys, self-healing is often observed: the number of microorganisms gradually decreases until they disappear completely.

Girls can remain carriers of Mycoplasma hominis throughout their lives.

Complications and consequences

Mycoplasma hominis infection is a rather controversial process that can lead to unpleasant consequences over time, but this is not always the case and not in everyone. Scientists cannot yet say why some patients experience the disease without symptoms and complications, while others develop it rapidly, with further problems arising due to the lack of treatment.

Here are some of the potential problems caused by this bacteria:

• difficulties with conceiving a child in women (due to constant inflammatory processes, narrowing of the tubal lumen, adhesions);
• difficulties with conceiving a child in men (due to slowing down of sperm function, disturbance of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the seminal fluid);
• deterioration of erectile function, impotence (due to the inflammatory process, constant sluggish pain in the area of the external genitalia);
• spontaneous miscarriage in pregnant women, frozen pregnancy;
• chronic fetal hypoxia, encephalitis, dysfunction of vital organs in a newborn child.

However, it should be taken into account that in many people Mycoplasma hominis is present in the body as part of the normal flora and does not lead to complications.

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Diagnostics

Mycoplasma hominis is diagnosed in stages. First, you need to consult a specialist, such as a gynecologist or urologist. A doctor who has detected an inflammatory process in the cervix, vagina, and cervical canal, after noting the appearance of discharge with a pungent odor, may suspect the presence of an infectious agent in the body. To clarify the diagnosis, he may advise the patient to undergo an ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs, as well as other types of examinations. For example, it is necessary to do a bacterial culture of material taken from the mucous membrane of the cervix. This will help identify the pathogen and determine its response to antibacterial treatment.

Along with bacterial culture, informative methods include PCR diagnostics and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Conducting a conventional smear microscopy in this case is impossible, since Mycoplasma hominis is difficult to stain and is extremely small in size.

Let's look at the main tests for identifying bacteria in more detail.

Microbiological analysis for mycoplasma hominis is carried out by seeding biological material on a liquid and solid nutrient medium. In this case, the material is taken from the vagina, urethra and cervix: after collection, it is placed on a liquid transport medium and delivered to the laboratory.

The material for research is never taken during the period of menstrual bleeding, due to the high probability of obtaining a distorted result. The main "advantage" of bacterial culture is that this analysis allows you to determine both the quantity and quality of mycoplasmas. Thus, the norm of Mycoplasma hominis is a value of up to 10 ⁴ - 10 ⁶ CFU / ml (usually it is referred to as the carriage of mycoplasma, without clinical signs of the disease). If the tests indicate such a norm, then there is no need for antibacterial treatment. If the number of microorganisms exceeds the permissible limits, then the doctor may assume that the bacterium really affects the development of the infection, and prescribe antibiotic therapy.

Bacterial culture also determines the degree of sensitivity of mycoplasma hominis to antibiotics. This allows choosing the most optimal treatment. But the following fact should also be taken into account: if the patient has taken any antibiotics before the test, the growth of bacteria on the nutrient medium may be limited, and the result may be unreliable.

The PCR diagnostic method is considered more reliable than bacterial culture. It allows detecting not only mycoplasma hominis, but also a more dangerous variety of similar bacteria – mycoplasma genitalium. Any of the following biological materials is suitable for diagnostics:

• smear, scraping from the mucous tissues of the genitourinary system;
• seminal fluid;
• urine fluid;
• prostate gland discharge.

This PCR procedure is considered the most qualitative, as it involves the isolation of Mycoplasma hominis DNA. Therefore, if the PCR result is negative, you can be sure that Mycoplasma hominis is absent from the body, and the factor in the development of the inflammatory process, in all likelihood, was other pathogens.

But this method is not without its drawbacks: for example, it does not allow for a quantitative analysis of Mycoplasma hominis, but only determines the presence of genetic material.

Enzyme immunoassay can determine the titers of antibodies to mycoplasma hominis - that is, to specify the types of immunoglobulins (for example, IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD). Serological determination of this pathology is not accurate enough, because mycoplasmas do not cause a strong immune response from the body. For example, it is generally accepted that antibody titers increase at different stages of the disease:

• Mycoplasma hominis IgG antibodies begin to be produced approximately 15-20 days after infection and are present throughout the entire period of the disease;
• Mycoplasma hominis IgA antibodies increase predominantly in elderly patients;
• Mycoplasma hominis IgM antibodies are detected during the latent course of the disease.

For more accurate diagnostics, specialists recommend conducting a bacteriological culture for Mycoplasma hominis simultaneously with the PCR method. Blood serum is used to conduct an enzyme immunoassay diagnostic procedure.

Mycoplasma hominis in a smear is determined by the following criteria:

• Positive result:
  • Mycoplasma hominis DNA is determined against the background of the presence of symptoms of inflammation, and in the absence of other pathogenic microorganisms (for example, gonococci, mycoplasma genitalium, trichomonas) - mycoplasma infection is confirmed;
  • Mycoplasma hominis DNA is detected in small quantities, against the background of the absence of pathological symptoms from the genitourinary system – carriage of the bacteria is confirmed.
• Negative result:
  • The presence of Mycoplasma hominis in the body has not been confirmed.

The quality of the result may be negatively affected by the use of antibacterial agents, as well as contamination of samples with foreign DNA and inhibition of PCR by components of biological samples (such components may be hemoglobin, heparin, etc.).

Additional instrumental diagnostics are carried out to clarify diseases that have developed in the body under the influence of infection. The following procedures are usually prescribed:

• Ultrasound of the abdominal organs, pelvis, kidneys;
• rarely – cystoscopy.

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Differential diagnosis

Differential diagnosis involves excluding other sexually transmitted infections: infection options such as chlamydia, mycoplasma genitalium, ureaplasma, gardnerella, genital herpesvirus, HPV, candida, etc. are considered.

Mycoplasma hominis and genitalium: what is the difference?

Both Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium are opportunistic microorganisms capable of causing urogenital mycoplasmosis. However, Mycoplasma genitalium is considered more pathogenic, since its presence in the human body much more often leads to the development of the disease. By the way, this particular bacterium is found much less often, unlike Mycoplasma hominis.

Many experts believe that M. hominis carriage does not need to be treated at all. However, the presence of M. genitalium in the body should be fought to avoid the development of pathology in the future.

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Treatment

General principles of treatment for mycoplasma hominis are divided into systemic and external. The following medications are commonly used:

• Antibiotics for Mycoplasma hominis:
  • Doxycycline (analogues may include Monocycline, Vibramycin, etc.);
  • macrolide antibiotics (Azithromycin, Josamycin, Rulid, Clarithromycin);
  • fluoroquinolone drugs (Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin).
• Medicines to prevent the development of fungal infections:
  • Fluconazole;
  • Diflucan;
  • Flucostat.
• Immunomodulatory agents to activate the immune response and speed up recovery:
  • Cycloferon;
  • Genferon;
  • Viferon;
  • Kipferon.
• Preparations for preventing the development of dysbiosis (probiotics):
  • Lactofiltrum.

Against the background of systemic therapy, an external treatment regimen is also used: Mycoplasma hominis is destroyed locally, in men - in the urethra, and in women - directly in the vagina.

External treatment consists of intraurethral or intravaginal administration of antiseptics (sometimes only superficial irrigation is used) - Chlorhexidine, Dioxidine, Miramistin are most often used. Women can use antiseptic drugs in the form of vaginal suppositories.

	Method of administration and dosage	Side effects	Special instructions
Sumamed (Azithromycin)	Take orally one hour or two hours after meals, once a day. The average dosage is 4 capsules per dose. The duration of treatment is determined by the doctor.	Headache, visual disturbances, diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, decreased white blood cell count.	In pediatrics, the drug is used to treat children weighing at least 45 kg.
Doxycycline	Taken orally with food, 100 mg twice a day. The course of treatment lasts at least a week.	Allergic reactions, skin rashes, headache, fatigue, tinnitus, dyspepsia.	In pediatrics it is used to treat children from 12 years of age.
Clarithromycin	Take 250 mg every 12 hours, regardless of food intake. The course of treatment lasts 7-14 days.	Abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, change in taste.	For children under 12 years of age, the drug is prescribed in the form of a suspension.
Ciprofloxacin	Taken orally twice a day, 500-750 mg. The duration of treatment is determined by the doctor.	Development of fungal superinfection, allergic reactions, headache, dyspepsia, tinnitus, decreased visual acuity.	Approved for use in pediatric practice.
Chlorhexidine	Apply intravaginally or intraurethrally, 1-2 times a day for 7-10 days. If necessary, the course can be extended to 20 days.	Rarely – dry mucous membranes, skin rashes.	Women can use Chlorhexidine suppositories, 1 piece twice a day for 7-10 days.

Do I need to treat mycoplasma hominis?

If there is a positive test result for mycoplasma hominis, but the patient is not bothered by anything (no complaints), then there is no need to prescribe urgent treatment. It is necessary to take tests (secretions from the urethra and prostate, sperm fluid, vaginal secretions) for the presence of other pathogens of sexually transmitted infections.

Carriage of Mycoplasma hominis, as an opportunistic microorganism, is not a reason for prescribing treatment.

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Vitamins

In order to find out what vitamins need to be additionally introduced into the body when Mycoplasma hominis is affected, it is not enough to simply determine the list of their names. It is necessary to understand what role each of the vitamins plays in the process of body recovery.

• Vitamin A is a necessary component for the restoration of damaged cells and tissues. Any infectious process causes damage to a large number of epithelial cells. Regular intake of retinol helps speed up tissue regeneration.
• B vitamins, such as riboflavin (B ₂ ), activate the immune system, causing it to produce antibodies to mycoplasma hominis. Antibodies are a kind of defenders that attack painful antigens. Accordingly, the more such defenders in the body, the greater the chance of defeating the infection. The effect of riboflavin is so mild that it is recommended for use even by people suffering from autoimmune pathologies.

Other essential representatives of the indicated vitamins are thiamine and pyridoxine (B ₁ and B ₆ ). These substances promote rapid restoration of the mucous membrane and improve the functioning of the glandular system.

• Ascorbic acid is a well-known remedy for strengthening the immune system. In addition, vitamin C strengthens the vascular walls, accelerates recovery - however, for this, the remedy must be taken in a fairly large amount - at least 100 mg daily.
• Tocopherol in the amount of 10 mg per day perfectly stimulates immune defense. In addition, vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that protects cells and tissues from damage.
• Nicotinic acid (PP) can dilate blood vessels and improve tissue blood supply. The patient should receive 20 to 30 mg of vitamin PP per day, which will ensure a faster recovery.

Physiotherapy treatment

Physiotherapy can perfectly complement the main treatment of diseases caused by Mycoplasma hominis, and also prevent the development of complications in inflammation of the urogenital system. Physiotherapy procedures reduce the formation of adhesions, accelerate regeneration, eliminate pain, potentiate the effect of medications, stimulate immunity and metabolism.

When treating frequently recurring infections, physical therapy helps minimize the burden of antibiotic therapy.

For example, laser treatment accelerates cell renewal processes, activates self-regulating mechanisms. Thanks to laser therapy, blood vessels are cleansed, tissue trophism improves.

Magnetic therapy stimulates the body's immune defenses and actively complements drug treatment for prostatitis, urethritis, cystitis, etc.

Modern physiotherapy methods can be widely used in medical practice. However, it should be remembered that there are contraindications for this type of treatment. First of all, we are talking about malignant tumors and blood diseases.

Folk remedies

Some infections, such as Mycoplasma hominis, can sometimes be cured using folk remedies. But it is important to remember that not all bacteria are sensitive to this type of treatment. The result of using a particular remedy depends on the state of the body, the severity of the disease, and the quality of the main drug treatment.

It is important to understand that often herbal medicine alone is not enough. Therefore, folk remedies should be treated not as the main treatment, but as an auxiliary one.

• A mixture is prepared from ingredients such as walnut kernels, garlic, dill seeds and honey. 250 g of nuts are crushed and mixed with 100 g of crushed garlic, 3 tbsp. of ground dill seeds and 1 l of honey. The mixture is consumed 1 tbsp. per day one hour after each meal.
• Grind a dozen and a half garlic cloves, pour 700 ml of hot boiled water, leave for 24 hours. Then filter the liquid and use for washing and douching (daily for 10-14 days).
• Take 1 tbsp. of black poplar buds, pour 10 tbsp. of alcohol, and leave for 20 days in a dark place. Then filter the infusion and take 25-30 drops with food, three times a day.

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Herbal treatment

• In the presence of Mycoplasma hominis, douching and washing with an infusion of oak bark, chamomile flowers, nettle leaves, sage and yarrow. Two tablespoons of an equal herbal mixture are poured with 500 ml of water and brought to a boil, then cooled, filtered and used for douching.
• In addition, you can douche and wash your genitals with a decoction of St. John's wort (2 tablespoons of raw material are poured with 200 ml of boiling water, infused for 15-20 minutes). This same infusion is recommended for internal use - 100 ml three times a day.
• Prepare an equal collection of shepherd's purse, knotweed, mistletoe, mountain arnica. Pour 1 tbsp of the mixture with one glass of boiling water, leave for 15-20 minutes. Drink the infusion 100 ml twice a day every day for a couple of weeks.
• Take 1 tbsp. of crushed burdock rhizome, pour 200 ml of boiling water and boil for 20-30 minutes. Then cool the product and filter. Drink 1 tbsp. 4 times a day to get rid of mycoplasma.

Homeopathy

Homeopathic remedies can be a good addition to the main treatment for mycoplasma hominis, or an analogue of some drugs if the patient has a drug allergy.

• Berberis is used for infectious lesions of the urinary system, pain, burning in the groin, and changes in the color of urine.
• Borax is prescribed for lesions of the mucous membranes, false urge to urinate, frequent urination, and difficulties with conceiving a child.
• Cannabis sativa is used for difficult urination, cloudy urine, and hypertrophy of the urethral mucosa.
• Cantharis - helps with burning, acute pain related to the genitourinary system. Can be used for urinary retention, for any inflammatory processes of the urogenital tract.
• Causticum is used for frequently recurring diseases, for itchy urethra, and for weak bladder.
• Equisetum is prescribed for pain in the kidney, bladder, ureters, and in the presence of mucus and protein in the urine.
• Mercurius solubilis has a broad spectrum of activity and is used in inflammatory processes with a tendency to suppuration.

The above mentioned remedies can be combined with each other, alternated. Use a small homeopathic dilution (6) - for example, you can use 3 granules of the preparation a quarter of an hour before meals, three times a day. For mycoplasma hominis, a long course of treatment is usually recommended - for several months.

Surgical treatment

Surgical intervention is not a priority treatment for patients with isolated Mycoplasma hominis. The operation can be performed according to indications - for example, in men with varicocele, purulent processes, abscesses, chronic epididymitis, etc., and in women - with adhesions, cysts, purulent inflammatory diseases.

Prevention mycoplasma hominis

Preventive measures consist of preventing Mycoplasma hominis from entering the body. What is necessary for this?

• Avoid casual sex.
• Use barrier protection (condoms).
• Maintain immune protection at the proper level by maintaining a healthy lifestyle, balanced nutrition, hardening, etc.
• Treat and identify any carriers and gynecological diseases promptly.
• It is essential to ensure complete recovery from any infectious disease using the necessary diagnostic methods.

It is important to take care of your health, not to ignore the rules of personal hygiene, hygiene of sexual intercourse. The listed recommendations will help to avoid infection not only with mycoplasma, but also with other infections that can be transmitted sexually.

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Forecast

The prognosis for Mycoplasma hominis infection depends on the type of pathology. In case of congenital infection, the prognosis is not always favorable: the development of a generalized infectious process, inflammation of the meninges, liver disease and other internal organs is possible. In addition, with intrauterine infection, babies are sometimes born prematurely or with developmental disorders - this happens when there is a pronounced exacerbation of the inflammatory process involving mycoplasmas during pregnancy.

To prevent intrauterine mycoplasmosis, a woman should be examined to rule out infection even at the planning stage. It is equally important to avoid casual sexual contacts and unprotected sex during pregnancy. The expectant mother should carefully observe the rules of her own hygiene, not use other people's cleaning supplies, bed linen and underwear, since household transmission of Mycoplasma hominis is unlikely, but it cannot be completely ruled out.

The most unfavorable consequence that Mycoplasma hominis can leave behind is chronic inflammation of the reproductive organs and urinary system, with periodic relapses and a sluggish course.