Anatomy of the ankle

The ankle joint is formed by the articular surfaces of the distal ends of the lumbar and fibular bones and the articular surface of the talus block. The distal ends of the tibial and fibular bones form an intercellular syndesmosis. On the front and back surfaces are the anterior and posterior intercellular ligaments, stretched from the anterior and posterior margins to the lateral ankle. The joint capsule is attached along the edge of the articular cartilage and on the anterior surface of the talus bone to the collar of the talus. Ligaments of the ankle pass along its lateral surfaces. The medial ligament or deltoid is subdivided into the following parts: the anterior tibial-talus part extends from the anterior edge of the medial ankle downward and forward and is attached to the posterior medial surface of the talus. The second part is tibial-navicular, which is longer than the previous one, starts from the medial malleolus and reaches the rear surface of the scaphoid bone. The tibial-heel part of the ligament is stretched between the end of the medial malleolus and the talus bone. The posterior tibial-talus part extends from the posterior margin of the medial ankle downward and attaches itself to the posterior medial parts of the body of the talus. On the lateral surface of the ankle, the following ligaments overlap: anterior talon-peroneal ligament, from the anterior edge of the lateral ankle to the lateral surface of the collar of the talus. The fibula-fibular ligament begins from the outer surface of the lateral malleolus and is directed downward and backward and the posterior talon-peroneal ligament extends from the posterior edge of the lateral ankle almost horizontally to the lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus.

In the distal part of the lower leg in the foot area are located synovial vaginas, containing long tendons of the calf muscles. There are three anterior sections of the vagina: located under retinaculum mm. Extensorum inferius, medial and lateral. In each of them there are tendons. On the front surface of the foot are the tendons of the anterior tibial muscle, the long extensor of the thumb and the tendon of the long extensor of the fingers. On the medial surface behind the medial malleus pass the tendons of the posterior tibial muscle, the long flexor of the fingers, the tendon of the long flexor of the thumb and the posterior tibial nerve. From the lateral side behind the lateral ankle are the tendons of the long and short fibular muscles. The Achilles tendon is located on the back surface, which is the most powerful tendon, formed from the joint of the tendons of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles.

Achilles tendon is the largest, formed due to the fusion of the fibers of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. It does not have a synovium and at the attachment site it forms a mucosal bag of the calcaneal tendon. The muscles described above bend the shin in the knee joint, flex the foot, lift the heel. On the plantar side, the superficial fascia is called the plantar aponeurosis. Most of the fibers of which originate from the calcaneus of the calcaneus and, leading anteriorly, disintegrate according to the number of fingers.

[1], [2], [3]