Physical parameters of the child from two to five years?

At this age, the growth gain lags behind the increase in body weight. The increased ossification of the skeleton continues, although to a greater extent it remains cartilaginous, which provides greater flexibility and plasticity of the child's body.

The muscular system is not yet developed enough: the muscles are still weak, so you should not allow force overloads and, if possible, prevent sudden movements.

The development of the central nervous system is proceeding at a rapid pace, but the controlling effect of the cortex on the subcortex is still weakly expressed. Conditional braking is produced with great difficulty.

From the second year of life, the growth rates of growth and mass are decreasing compared to the first year. Usually the weight gain for a year is about 2 kg. Growth increases less evenly. So, in the second year its growth is about 10-11 cm, on the third - 8 cm, at 4-5 years the increase is about 5-7 cm per year. Doubling of growth (from the neonatal period) occurs usually to 4-5 years and is about 100 cm at this age for girls, and about 104 cm for boys.

By the age of three, the baby already knows how to dress and undress, put on her clothes and hang it in the locker.

He willingly helps adults in their work: sweeping, watering flowers. Moreover, the systematic training of the child to feasible work creates new qualities - the need for work, the desire to help adults. These needs develop and improve the personality of the child.

Children at this age gradually master the rules of social behavior: they learn courtesy, behavior in public places, observance of discipline in classes in kindergarten, etiquette during meals, etc. They already understand that if they do not master these rules, they can allow actions , for which they will be condemned by adults. Learning these rules, the child, on the one hand, seeks to imitate the model, and on the other hand - shows independence and initiative.

Along with the formation of needs, interests are formed. The main place in the life of the child is played by gaming interests. Since three years of the game more and more complicated, become more diverse. The number of toys involved in the game is increasing. The child begins to play with the simplest designer, builds a "flat", plays "reception of guests", "doctor", "chauffeur", "pilot." The child begins to show interest in drawing, modeling. At the same time, adults should help the child correctly organize the game, because the skills acquired during the game help to know the world, are of great importance for the development and upbringing of the child.

Gradually, the development of cognitive interests. True, in children these interests are unstable, not too deep and meaningful. At this age expressed interest in listening to stories, fairy tales, poems. Particularly of great interest to children are fairy tales, because they are the most accessible to perception and deeply sink into the soul of the child.

At this age it is possible and necessary to form an interest in works of art: painting, music, sculpture.

Already at this age, differences in interests depending on sex begin to be observed. Boys are more interested in cars, and girls are interested in dolls, dishes, etc. You already know that on the one hand this is due to biology, and on the other hand, you can not discount the imitation of adults.

By the age of three, the first role-playing games appear in children. This is a great event in the life of a child, for whom a new world opens, a world of communication with adults, imitation of them in an emotionally active form.

An adult for a child has always been the center of the universe. Therefore, the craving for an adult, the desire to communicate with him is always of utmost importance to the child. Communicating with an adult child seeks to attract attention, to feel his attitude. And, although, the child strives to be independent, but, nevertheless, he wants to imitate the adored model.

Reproducing the life of adults, their relationships, the child "lives" with their common life. Therefore, the game is called the school of life. Playing in the preschool age becomes the main activity, comprehensively developing the child. In the game, first of all, the feelings of the child develop.

Reflecting the relationship of people in the game, the child "grieves", "cries", "rejoices" according to the content of the game.

Imitating adults, the kid in the game shows his feelings: responsiveness, mutual help, sensitivity and other moral qualities.

The game always requires the attention of the child. Inattentive - either loses, or is excluded from the game by other children.

Games help to develop speech and thinking. Playing, the children say a lot, and try to speak correctly, imitating the pattern (adult). The game also requires the child to have a certain level of intelligence. Studies show that mentally retarded children can not play role-playing games.

Imagination for the game is like wings for a bird! Thanks to him, the child is reincarnated and carried away far away!

The game is very disciplining children. The child checks the compliance of his actions with the rules of the game, the content of the role he took upon himself, coordinates his behavior with the goals of the collective of children playing with him. The game contributes to physical development. During mobile games, the child learns to run, jump, maintain balance, etc. Thus, the game is a very important activity that contributes to the all-round development of the child.

Usually in three-year-olds the duration of the game does not exceed 10-15 minutes, and for five-year-olds - 40-50 minutes.

Drawing also contributes to the development of personality. Of course, at the stage of "strokes and scrawls" typical of children of the second year of life, the child does not set a goal to express something. This problem appears in children of the third year of life. And already in four or five years the child fundamentally reconstructs the very process of creation: content begins to appear, the design of the picture is determined. Simple drawing gradually turns into visual activity.

At this age, children often combine drawing with the game. Drawing a typewriter, they try to picture the sound of the motor and move the painted car, as if it's going.

The image does not yet have a detailed drawing - this is just a designation of the subject. But over time, the image begins to acquire details. Thus, drawing, the child learns in more detail the properties of surrounding objects, which contributes to the development of perception, thinking and imagination.

Do not underestimate the role of labor for the formation of personality. The child begins to get acquainted with the work of adults through direct observation. As a result, he gradually formed a positive attitude towards work and there is a desire to imitate the adults. In the children's collective, diligence develops particularly quickly. Working with other children under the guidance of a tutor, the child is accustomed to commitment, to working together.

But even in the work process, children of this age contribute an element of the game. They are interested in the process itself and do not care about the result of labor.

Of course, a child of this age can not cope with difficult tasks because of a small stock of labor skills and inability to plan their actions and to subordinate them to a specific goal.

But by the age of 5, together with the accumulation of work skills and the expansion of experience, the child begins to understand that work is a different activity from the game. It is already attracted not only by the very process of labor, but also by its result. By this age, children begin to understand that their work is needed by others, that they help adults.

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