The high risk of vertical transmission of enteroviruses, mainly Coxsackie viruses, was established in the presence of spontaneous miscarriages, stillbirths and complications such as the threat of termination of pregnancy.
In recent years, work has appeared that shows the role of disturbances in the normal microflora of the genital tract in the premature termination of pregnancy.
For several decades, with the emergence of new methodological possibilities in immunology, the problem of immunological relationships between the mother and the fetus is given the closest attention.
Antiphospholipid syndrome is the most common cause of thrombophilic complications and associated habitual pregnancy loss. There are primary antiphospholipid syndrome and secondary - if there is also an autoimmune disease (most often it is systemic lupus erythematosus).
The state of the hemostatic system determines the course and outcome of pregnancy for the mother and fetus. In recent years, there has been a significant number of publications pointing to the great role of thrombophilic complications in habitual miscarriage, fetal death, placental abruption, eclampsia development, intrauterine growth retardation.
A major role in the etiology of habitual miscarriage is played by malformations of the uterus, especially in the termination of pregnancy of the second and third trimesters. The incidence of malformations of the uterus in the population is only 0.5-0.6%.
Among the factors of abortion, complications of pregnancy take a big place: gestations of the second half of pregnancy, anomalies of placenta attachment, premature detachment of the placenta, improper position of the fetus.
Extragenital diseases of the mother are one of the frequent causes of premature termination of pregnancy. The group of high risk for miscarriage is primarily women with diseases of the cardiovascular system, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, liver, intestines.
Paternal causes of miscarriage are less important than maternal ones, except for chromosomal pathology. Nevertheless, according to many researchers, the husbands of women with habitual miscarriage have a high percentage of spermatogenesis disorders: oligospermia, polyspermia, teratospermia and leukocytospermia.
Examination of women outside pregnancy is necessary not only to understand the causes of embryo / fetal death, but also to assess the condition of the reproductive system of the spouses. The question of the time of examination is widely debated in the literature.