At the most expressed hypertrophy of mammary glands the most safe and reliable operation is reduction mammoplasty with a free transplantation of the nipple and areola, like a full-layer skin flap.
Reduction mammoplasty is a fairly extensive surgical operation, during which large areas of tissues are sometimes removed, and the total area of the wound surfaces can also be significant.
The omission of the mammary glands is a natural process that affects a woman's breasts throughout her life. About the presence of ptosis of the mammary gland it is customary to speak in those cases when the level of its nipple falls below the level of the pectoral fold.
Deformities of the nipple-areolar complex include a nipple, hypertrophy of the nipple, areola of too large diameter, deformation of the areola in the tubular mammary gland.
The main cause of stretching of the muscular-fascial layer and weakness of the skin of the anterior abdominal wall is pregnancy.
A significant increase in the volume of contents of the abdominal cavity during pregnancy leads to a vertical and horizontal overgrowth of the musculo-fascial layer, the onset of diastase of the rectus muscles and the stretching of the skin.
During the examination, there are scars on the anterior abdominal wall, the number, distribution and appearance of the stretch bands, the degree of obesity, the presence of hernial protrusions.
The plastic of the anterior abdominal wall gives a significant cosmetic and functional effect, but can also lead to dangerous postoperative complications.
The main conditions necessary for conducting classical abdominoplasty are: a significant excess of soft tissues in the hypogastric region with the presence of an overhanging skin-fat fold ...
Stress-side abdominoplasty is indicated in patients whose flaccidity and relaxed muscular-fascial system are the main components of the anterior abdominal wall deformity.