List Anatomy – L
Lymphoid plaques (noduli lymphoidei aggregati), or, as they are also called, Peyer's plaques, are nodular clumps of lymphoid tissue. Plaques are located in the walls of the small intestine, mainly its terminal part - the ileum, in the thickness of the mucosa and in the submucosa. In these places, the muscular plate of the mucous membrane is interrupted or absent.
The lymphoid nodules of the appendix (noduli lymphoidei appendicis vermiformis) during their maximum development (after birth and up to 16-17 years of age) are located in the mucosa and submucosa throughout the entire body - from its base (near the cecum) up to the top.
In the pelvic cavity and on its walls there are lymph nodes, into which the lymph vessels flow from the nearby organs, as well as the lymph vessels of the lower extremities.
The upper extremity has superficial and deep lymphatic vessels, which are directed to the ulnar and axillary lymph nodes. Surface lymphatic vessels are located near the subcutaneous veins of the upper limb and form three groups: lateral, medial and anterior.
In the chest cavity, parietal (parietal) lymph nodes located on the respective walls (anterior, posterior and posterior) and visceral (internal) located in the thoracic cavity on the lymph flow path from its internal organs are isolated.
On the lower extremity, the surface lymphatic vessels located above the superficial fascia are distinguished, and deep ones located near the deeply lying blood vessels (arteries and veins), as well as popliteal and inguinal lymph nodes.
In the abdominal cavity, visceral (internal) and parietal (parietal) lymph nodes are also isolated. Visceral lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici viscerales) are located near the unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta and their branching (near the celiac trunk, the hepatic, splenic and gastric arteries, the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries and their branches).
From the organs of the head lymph vessels deliver lymph to the lymph nodes, which lie in the form of small groups on the border of the head and neck [occipital, mastoid (ear), parotid, occlusal, facial, submandibular, chin].
Lymphatic vessels (vasa lymphatica) are formed by the fusion of lymphatic capillaries. The walls of the lymph vessels are thicker than the walls of the lymphocapillaries.
The lymph from each part of the body, passing through the lymph nodes, collects into the lymphatic ducts (ductus lymphatici) and lymphatic trunks (trunci lymphatici). Six such large lymphatic ducts and trunks are isolated in the human body.
Lymphatic capillaries (vasa lymphocapilldria) are the initial link - the "roots" of the lymphatic system. They are present in all organs and tissues of the human body, except the brain and spinal cord, their membranes, the eyeball, the inner ear, the epithelial cover of the skin and mucous membranes, cartilage, spleen parenchyma, bone marrow and placenta.
The right and left lungs are located in the thoracic cavity, each in its own half, in pleural sacks. Between the lungs are the organs of the mediastinum: the heart with the pericardium, the aorta and the upper hollow vein, the trachea with the main bronchi, the esophagus, the thymus, the lymph nodes, etc.
The lumbar vertebrae (vertebrae lumbales) have a large bean-shaped body. The height of the body increases in the direction from I to V vertebra. Vertebral openings are large, almost triangular in shape. The transverse processes are located almost in the frontal plane.
The lumbar plexus (plexus lumbalis) is formed by the anterior branches of the three upper lumbar (LI-LIII), part of the anterior branch of the twelfth thoracic (ThXII) and part of the fibers of the anterior branch of the fourth lumbar (LIV) spinal nerves.
Lower nasal concha (concha nasalis inferior) - a pair, thin curved plate, has a body and three processes. The lateral surface of the body with its upper edge is fused with the shell crest of the upper jaw and perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. All the processes of this shell depart from its upper edge.
The skeleton of the lower limbs consists of their belt and free parts of the lower limbs.
The long adductor muscle (m.adductor longus) is triangular in shape, located medially and downward from the crested muscle, covering the front of the short adductor muscle and the upper fascicles of the large adductor muscle.
The liver (hepar) is the largest gland, has a soft consistency, reddish-brown color. The length of the liver in an adult is 20-30 cm, width - 10-21 cm, the height varies from 7 to 15 cm. The weight of the liver is 1400-1800 g. The liver participates in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins; performs protective, disinfecting and other functions.
The cortical zones of the olfactory analyzer (hippocampus - gyrus hippocampi, transparent septum pellucidum, gyrus cinguli girdle, etc.), and partly the taste analyzer (circular isthmus of the islet) are now referred to the limbic region of the cerebral hemispheres.
Located behind the eyeballs, the lens has the shape of a biconvex lens, which has a large light refractive power. The front surface of the lens (facies anterior lentis) and the most prominent point of it - the front pole (polus anterior) are facing toward the posterior chamber of the eyeball.