List Analyzes – D
The duration of bleeding (according to Duke) is a specific technique for assessing the state of the circulatory system, more precisely - the vessels. Normally, according to this method, the period from the beginning to the stop of blood loss should be no more than three minutes.
Serological methods for the diagnosis of diphtheria use indirect hemagglutination and ELISA. Determine the antibody titre to the diphtheria toxin at the onset of the disease (day 1-3) and after 7-10 days, the antibody titre growth is considered to be diagnostic by no less than 4 times.
Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in the cell bind to the same receptor, but the affinity of testosterone to the receptor is significantly lower than that of dihydrotestosterone. Only dihydrotestosterone affects the prostate gland, skull bones and hair growth. DGT is metabolized to 3α-androstenediol-glucuronide.
Digoxin is one of the most commonly used cardiac glycosides. It is usually taken for a month. Absorption in the gastrointestinal tract is 60-80% of the dose. Of the blood, most of the drug is excreted by the kidneys. Prescribe digoxin, mainly in heart failure and as an antiarrhythmic drug, along with other drugs.
Digitoxin is a cardiac glycoside, which differs from digoxin by the duration of action, which is associated with better solubility in lipids. Digitoxin is almost completely absorbed in the digestive tract. In the blood serum, digitoxin binds to albumin.
Microdeletions of neighboring genes on the chromosome cause a number of very rare syndromes (Prader-Willi, Miller-Dicker, Di-Georgie, etc.). Diagnosis of these syndromes became possible due to the improvement of the method of preparation of chromosome preparations. In the event that the microdeletion can not be detected by karyotyping, DNA probes specific to the region that has undergone deletion are used.
Karyotyping is the main method for diagnosing these syndromes. It should be noted that methods for identifying chromosomal segmentation accurately identify patients with specific chromosomal abnormalities, even in cases where the clinical manifestations of these anomalies are insignificant and of little specificity. In complex cases, karyotyping can be supplemented by in situ hybridization.
The sex of a person is determined by a pair of chromosomes - X and Y. In women cells, there are two X chromosomes, in men's cells there is one chromosome X and one Y. The chromosome Y is one of the smallest in a karyotype, only a few genes that are not related to it regulation of sex.
In multifactorial genetic diseases, a polygenic component is always present, consisting of a sequence of genes cumulatively interacting with each other.
Monogenic defects (determined by one gene) are observed more often than chromosomal defects. Diagnosis of diseases usually begins with the analysis of clinical and biochemical data, the pedigree of the proband (the person who first discovered the defect), the type of inheritance.
The syndrome of autoimmune chronic hepatitis is characterized by clinical symptoms of liver inflammation that last more than 6 months, and histological changes (necrosis and infiltrates of portal fields).
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) belongs to the group of rheumatic diseases and is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies to phospholipids. The reasons for the formation of autoantibodies are not precisely established.
The definition of X- and Y-chromatin is often called the method of express diagnostics of sex. Explore the cells of the mucosa of the mouth, vaginal epithelium or hair bulb. In the nuclei of cells of women in a diploid set, there are two chromosomes X, one of which is completely inactivated (spiralized, tightly packed) already in the early stages of embryonic development and is visible as a heterochromatin block attached to the core shell.
The osmolality of blood serum (Rocm) and urine osmolality (Uocm) are considered to be a direct and accurate indicator of osmoregulatory renal function with subsequent calculation of derived values based on the principle of clearance.
Poisoning with nitrites, sodium nitroprusside, nitroglycerin, as well as chlorates, sulfonamides, aniline dyes, nitrobenzene, antimalarial drugs, butyl nitrite or amylnitrite can cause methemoglobinemia.
Of great importance for the early diagnosis of meningococcal infection is a study of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with meningeal symptoms for the detection of Neisseria meningitis antigens.
Methanol (CH3OH, wood alcohol, methyl alcohol) can be absorbed through the skin, respiratory tract or gastrointestinal tract. When ingested in the gastrointestinal tract, methanol is rapidly absorbed and distributed in the body fluids. The main mechanism of elimination of methanol in humans is oxidation to formaldehyde, formic acid and CO2.
Isopropanol (C3H7OH, isopropyl alcohol) is used in industry and clinical laboratory diagnostics as a solvent. It is less toxic than methanol and ethylene glycol.
Ethyl alcohol (ethanol, C2H5OH) has a sedative-hypnotic effect. When ingested, ethanol, as well as methanol, ethylene glycol and other alcohols, is easily absorbed from the stomach (20%) and the small intestine (80%) due to its low molecular weight and lipid solubility.
Carbon monoxide (CO, carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide) is a gas without color, taste and smell, which does not cause irritation, an incomplete combustion product. It is a part of many industrial gases (blast furnace, generator, coke); the content of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines can reach 1-13%.